US House legislators voted for the first time on Friday to decriminalise cannabis, a key step towards bringing federal laws in line with states and other countries that have freed up use of the drug.
The House of Representatives, controlled by Democrats, easily passed the bill by 228 votes to 164. It stands little chance however in the Senate, which is controlled by Republicans.
The bill would remove marijuana from the federal Controlled Substances Act, which listed it beside heroin and cocaine as a dangerous narcotic and mandated tough penalties.
The drug's inclusion on the list has left the US federal government out of line with the many states which have legalised marijuana for medical use and some, like Colorado, which have completely freed and regulated it for recreational use.
The bill was the culmination of five decades of supporters lobbying to have the federal government recognise the relatively low harm inflicted by cannabis usage compared to other drugs, as well as the failure to stifle the trade while jailing hundreds of thousands of people for minor offenses.
It would see the records of many people arrested for marijuana use expunged, and calls for the review of the sentences of those currently jailed on federal cannabis charges.
It would let states set their own laws but also launch federal regulation and taxation of the industry, as it does for alcohol.
"For far too long, we have treated marijuana as a criminal justice problem instead of as a matter of personal choice and public health," said senior House Democrat Jerry Nadler, who sponsored the legislation.
"Growing recognition in the states show that the status quo on this issue is unacceptable."
Democrats argued that black Americans have suffered legally much more than white Americans for arrests and convictions; that federal decriminalisation would allow injured veterans better access to medical marijuana and that longstanding federal blocks on marijuana research would end.
Congressman Jerry Nadler Source: LightRocket / Getty Images
Democrat Earl Blumenauer noted that marijuana usage tests by employers and police are not completely reliable.
"We don't have a good test and the federal prohibition on research stands in the way of this," he said.
Some Republicans argued that the bill will have troubling implications, such as encouraging usage.
Others said it would create another layer of bureaucracy and taxation in the Treasury department.
One noted that it will place a federal tax of only five percent on cannabis, a fraction of that for tobacco.
But California Republican Tom McClintock said he favoured the bill because legalising and regulating cannabis would take the industry out of the hands of violent growers and traffickers.
Mr McClintock represents a district covering a large section of the Sierra Nevada mountains, where illegal marijuana plantations are relatively common guarded by heavily armed gangs.
"I think marijuana use is a pretty bad idea. My wife and I have never gone near the stuff," Mr McClintock said before the vote.
But he added: "We have to recognise that the prohibition law has done far more harm. It has spawned a violent underground economy."
"Radish farmers don't kill each other over territory."'
US 'out of step'
The 50-year-old National Organisation for reform of Marijuana Laws called it "a historic day".
"By going on the record with this vote, House members have set the stage for a much-needed legislative showdown in 2021," they said, noting that on 20 January, Democrat Joe Biden will occupy the White House.
Increasingly the US federal approach is out of line with international trends.
Northern neighbour Canada fully legalised marijuana in 2018, and has a number of large companies growing it commercially.
Mexico also took a step closer to legalising marijuana for recreational and medicinal use last month as the Senate approved a bill aimed at undermining the violent gangs that control supply of the drug, much of it destined for the US.
On Wednesday, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs voted to remove cannabis from Schedule IV of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , where it was included alongside deadly opioids like heroin.
While Republicans in the Senate remain generally opposed, the changes in the states have softened their opposition.
A number of former Republican legislators, including former House Speaker John Boehner, have become activists and lobbyists for legal marijuana.
