A vaccine summit hosted by the British government has raised billions of dollars to immunise children in developing countries as experts wrestled with the difficult question of how any potential vaccine against the coronavirus might be distributed globally - and fairly.
The United Nations and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement have urged that "a people's vaccine" be developed for COVID-19 that would be freely available to everyone, calling it a "moral imperative".
Thursday's event, which raised $12.7 billion, exceeding its target, was a pledging conference for the vaccines alliance GAVI, which says the funds will be used to vaccinate about 300 million children in dozens of countries against diseases like malaria, pneumonia and HPV.
GAVI also announced a new "advance market commitment" mechanism to enable developing countries to get any effective COVID-19 vaccine when available.
Britain's Prime Minister, Boris Johnson delivering his speech to the Global Vaccine Summit. Source: AAP
It hopes to raise an additional $US2 billion for that effort, to immunise health care workers as well as high-risk individuals and create a buffer of doses to be used where needed most.
But experts pointed out that the unprecedented pandemic - where arguably every country will be clamouring for a vaccine - may make efforts at fair distribution extremely messy.
The worldwide scramble for masks and ventilators that erupted in the early stages of the outbreak are not encouraging signs that there will be much global co-operation if and when a coronavirus vaccine is available.
"Rich countries will most likely try to push their way to the front of the queue, leaving poorer countries at the back, and that's a problem," said Jimmy Whitworth, a professor of international public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
People wait in line to take a public transport bus in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: AAP
"I can't imagine any country saying, 'Africa's need is greater than ours, so they can get the vaccine first and we'll remain vulnerable."'
The urgency of finding a way to stem outbreaks was evident as Brazil reported yet another record number of deaths, 1,349, over the previous 24 hours.
Brazil's confirmed death toll of more than 32,500 is the and is considered a significant undercount due to insufficient testing.
India, meanwhile, reported a record number of infections - 9,304, with 260 deaths - on Thursday as its tally of fatalities surpassed 6,000 and its number of infections rose to nearly 217,000, the world's seventh-highest.
Neighbouring Pakistan reported more than 4,000 new cases and 82 deaths as its confirmed cases surpassed neighbouring China, jumping to 85,264.
The spike came weeks after Prime Minister Imran Khan overrode warnings from experts and eased a lockdown.
Ahead of the vaccine gathering, philanthropist Bill Gates said there were potential solutions to the growing tide of vaccine nationalism.
"The key to that challenge is having scale and having factories all over the world that are making the vaccines," he said.
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he hoped Thursday's gathering would mark "the moment when the world comes together to unite humanity in the fight against disease".
About a dozen vaccine candidates are in early stages of testing in thousands of people around the world.
Oxford University is beginning an advanced study involving 10,000 volunteers; the US is preparing for even larger studies in July that involve 30,000 people each testing different candidates, including Oxford's and one made by the National Institutes of Health and Moderna Inc.
As countries such as New Zealand and Australia mark progress in containing the pandemic and work on plans to resume some international air travel, others are having to step up precautions.
In the US, where a wave of protests is adding to concerns over possible additional outbreaks, new cases have been surging just weeks after many businesses were allowed to reopen.
