Britain began the mass-vaccination of its population against COVID-19 on Tuesday, becoming the first Western nation to do so in a global endeavour that poses one of the biggest logistical challenges in peacetime history.
On a day dubbed "V-Day", health workers started inoculating people with a shot developed by Pfizer and BioNTech , with the country a test case for the world as it contends with distributing a compound that must be stored at -70C.
Margaret Keenan, a grandmother who turns 91 in a week, became the first person in the world to receive the vaccine outside of a trial when she received the shot at her local hospital in Coventry, central England.
"I feel so privileged to be the first person vaccinated against COVID-19," said Ms Keenan, as she received the shot in front of a photographer and TV crew.
"It's the best early birthday present I could wish for because it means I can finally look forward to spending time with my family and friends in the New Year after being on my own for most of the year."
William Shakespeare, 81, from Warwickshire in England, received the vaccine at the same hospital. It was 20 miles from Stratford-Upon-Avon, the birthplace of his namesake, England's greatest dramatist and poet.
The launch will fuel hope that the world may be turning a corner in the fight against a pandemic that has killed more than 1.5 million people, with Britain the worst-hit European country with over 61,000 deaths.
William "Bill" Shakespeare, 81, receives the Pfizer/BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine at University Hospital, Coventry, on 8 December. Source: AAP
Britain is the first nation globally to begin mass inoculations with the Pfizer-BioNTech shot, one of three vaccines that have reported successful results from large trials after being developed in record time.
Health Secretary Matt Hancock described the start of vaccinations as "V-Day".
"If we manage to do that for everybody who is vulnerable to this disease, then we can move on and we can return to normal," he said, adding that he expected millions to be vaccinated by the end of the year.
The country has ordered enough supplies of the Pfizer-BioNTech shot to vaccinate 20 million people. The developers said it was 95% effective in preventing illness in final-stage trials.
Russia and China have both already started giving domestically produced vaccine candidates to their populations, though before final safety and efficacy trials have been completed.
Logistical challenges
In Britain, about 800,000 doses are expected to be available within the first week, with care home residents and carers, the over-80s and some health service workers prioritised.
Mr Hancock said that he had a "high degree of confidence" Britain would take delivery of another batch of the vaccine next week.
The country is relatively small with good infrastructure. Yet the logistical challenges in distributing the vaccine, which only lasts five days in a regular fridge, mean it will first go to dozens of hospitals and cannot yet be taken into care homes.
Bigger tests could await for the Pfizer-BioNTech shot, as well as a vaccine from Moderna, which was found to have a similar level of success in trials and is based on the same mRNA genetic technology that requires such ultra-cold storage.
Transport and distribution could prove more challenging in bigger countries, including the United States and India which have been worst-hit by the pandemic, and in hotter nations.
The third vaccine to have had trial success, developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University, is viewed as offering one of the best hopes for many developing countries because it is cheaper and can be transported at normal fridge temperatures. Late-stage trials found it had an average success rate of 70 per cent.
'Decisive turning point'
UK Chief Scientific Adviser Patrick Vallance said vaccines that were easier to store and deploy, such as the Oxford/AstraZeneca shot, would play a key role. Britain hopes for regulatory approval of that vaccine in the next couple of weeks.
Britain approved the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use less than a week ago, and is rolling it out ahead of the United States and European Union, from which it will finally part ways at the end of the year.
"The deployment of this vaccine marks a decisive turning point in the battle with the pandemic," said Simon Stevens, head of the publicly funded NHS health service.
In total Britain has ordered 40 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech shot. As each person requires two doses, that is enough to vaccinate 20 million people in the country of 67 million.
But the country is spreading it bets and has ordered 357 million doses of seven different COVID-19 vaccines in all.
