The tipping point for irreversible global warming may have already been triggered, the scientist who led the biggest-ever expedition to the Arctic has warned.
"The disappearance of summer sea ice in the Arctic is one of the first landmines in this minefield, one of the tipping points that we set off first when we push warming too far," said Professor Markus Rex.
"And one can essentially ask if we haven't already stepped on this mine and already set off the beginning of the explosion."
Professor Rex led the world's biggest mission to the North Pole, an expedition involving 300 scientists from 20 countries.
The expedition returned to Germany in October after 389 days drifting through the Arctic, bringing home devastating proof of a dying Arctic Ocean and warnings of ice-free summers in just decades.
The $165-million expedition also brought back 150 terabytes of data and more than 1,000 ice samples.
Climate change is having a profound effect in Greenland with glaciers and the Greenland ice cap retreating. Source: NurPhoto
Summarising their first findings, Professor Rex said scientists found that the Arctic sea ice had retreated "faster in the spring of 2020 than since the beginning of records" and that "the spread of the sea ice in the summer was only half as large as decades ago".
The ice was only half as thick and temperatures measured 10 degrees higher than during the Fram expedition undertaken by explorers and scientists Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen in the 1890s.
Because of the smaller sea ice surface, the ocean was able to absorb more heat in the summer, in turn meaning that ice sheet formation in the autumn was slower than usual.
'Painful'
"Only evaluation in the coming years will allow us to determine if we can still save the year-round Arctic sea ice through forceful climate protection or whether we have already passed this important tipping point in the climate system," Professor Rex added, urging rapid action to halt warming.
World leaders had agreed under the Paris agreement in 2015 to take action to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared with pre-industrial levels.
Stefanie Arndt, who specialises in sea ice physics, said it was "painful to know that we are possibly the last generation who can experience an Arctic which still has a sea ice cover in the summer".
"This sea ice cover is gradually shrinking and it is an important living space for polar bears," said Dr Arndt, while recounting observations of seals and other animals in the polar habitat.
The data collected during the expedition included readings on the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ecosystems.
Several hundred scientific publications analysing the findings are expected to be published between 2021 and 2023.
During the expedition, scientists had set up four observational sites on the sea ice in a radius of up to 40 kilometres around the mission's "Polarstern" (North Star) ship.
Among data collected were water samples from beneath the ice to study plant plankton and bacteria and better understand how the marine ecosystem functions under extreme conditions.
More than 100 parameters were measured almost continuously throughout the year.
The abundance of information will feed into the development of models to help predict what heatwaves, heavy rains or storms could look like in 20, 50 or 100 years.
