A nationwide strike brought much of France to a standstill on Thursday with more than half a million people hitting the streets to protest the government's planned overhaul of the pension system, one of President Emmanuel Macron most ambitious reforms.
The huge demonstrations across the country added to walkouts that paralysed transport services and closed schools, with international high-speed rail disrupted and flights cancelled.
In the capital, as well as in the southeastern city of Lyon and western city of Nantes, police fired teargas to disperse groups of rioters.
Protests in other cities were mainly peaceful.
Mr Macron's government has yet to set out its reform proposals in full, but is pushing for a single plan to replace 42 special pension schemes.
French riot police clash with protesters on Nation Square during a demonstration against pension reforms in Paris Source: EPA
Striking transport workers, air traffic controllers, teachers, fire fighters, lawyers and other groups all fear they will have to work longer or receive reduced pensions under the plans.
AFP's count of at least 510,000 demonstrators, based on police and official figures, did not include a protest in Paris, where the CGT union estimated a turnout of over 800,000 people.
"We haven't seen such a turnout in a very long time," said Yves Veyrier, head of the Force Ouvriere union at the beginning of the Paris rally.
"We now expect the government to take the measure of this mobilisation, and understand that its universal system is a bad idea," he said.
Prime Minister Edouard Philippe praised trade unions for keeping the protests on a tight rein, minimising the violence.
French riot police clash with protesters during a demonstration against pension reforms in Paris, France, 5 December 2019 Source: EPA
The disturbances looked set to continue for days, sorely testing Mr Macron's determination to implement a key campaign promise.
The national railway company SNCF cancelled 90 percent of high-speed trains on Friday and warned of "very severe disruptions" for the Eurostar and Thalys trains serving London and Brussels.
Paris transport workers, meanwhile, voted to extend their industrial action, which shut down 11 out of 16 metro lines, until at least Monday.
Air France called off 30 per cent of its domestic flights and 10 per cent of its short-haul international routes.
People take part in a demonstration against the pension overhauls, in Bordeaux Source: EPA
The demonstration in Paris got off to a tense start with black-clad protesters setting fire to a storage trailer and smashing storefront windows but the main march passed off peacefully.
Many people simply took the day off to avoid the travel chaos, with several stores and restaurants shuttered because employees could not get to work.
Bike paths were packed as commuters turned to bicycles and electric scooters, while several ride-hailing companies were offering special strike promotions.
National newspapers were unable to publish their print editions, and the CGT union said workers had blocked seven of the country's eight oil refineries, raising the prospect of fuel shortages if the strike continues.
The strike has revived memories of the three-week-long strikes over pension reforms that crippled France in 1995, forcing the government of the day to reverse course.
The minimum pension age in France is 62, one of the lowest among developed countries.
But railway workers, opera employees and a host of other workers have more advantageous schemes, with train drivers for example generally retiring in their early fifties.
A pre-school teacher demonstrating in the eastern city of Belfort, Anne Audier-L'Epingle, told AFP she was striking because "I don't know what I will be able to offer two-year-old children when I'm 65."
People take part in a demonstration against the pension overhauls, in Paris, on December 5, 2019 as part of a nationwide strike Source: EPA
'Not just about pensions'
Mr Macron has faced a wave of opposition this year, from the "yellow vest" movement demanding improved living standards to more recent protests from police, firefighters, teachers, hospital workers and lawyers.
So far the former investment banker has largely succeeded in pushing through a series of controversial reforms, including loosening labour laws and tightening access to unemployment benefits.
But this is the first time the various disgruntled groups have come together in protest.
"I'm not just here about pensions - the health service is our business, public services and also the general drift of the government to the right in general," said Pierre Malige, a 42-year-old professor of mechanics at the University of Nantes, at a protest in the city.
Travellers are facing the prospect of days of chaos, with the SNCF already halting all train ticket sales until Monday.
"I'm a bridesmaid for the wedding of my childhood friend, in Cologne (Germany) tomorrow afternoon, so obviously I can't cancel my trip but this is making me really nervous," said Nicole Schafhausen, who was waiting at Paris Gare du Nord station told AFP on Thursday.
The Eiffel Tower and the Orsay museum were shut because of staff shortages, while the Louvre, the Pompidou Centre and other museums warned that some wings and exhibits were closed.
In an attempt to harness the momentum of the strike, the yellow vests, whose weekly protests have dwindled in size recently, blocked roads in several cities including the port of Le Havre on the Atlantic coast.
