There is a common belief that Asians are naturally gifted at maths.
Asian countries like Singapore and Japan lead the ranks in first and second position on maths performance in the tables – an international survey that ranks education systems worldwide – while Australia sits around 12th.
What is the secret to being good at maths? Are you simply born clever, or is it the result of a lot of hard work?
To understand the reasons behind exceptional maths performance, I travelled to Japan to see how
Japanese children are able to instantly multiply three- or four-digit numbers together in their head
.How children are taught maths in Japan
From the age of 7 or 8, all Japanese children are taught the times table jingle kuku.
“Ku” is the Japanese word for “nine”, and the title reflects the final line of the jingle, which is simply “nine nine (is) eight-one”.
Children rote learn the jingle and are made to recite it with speed in class and at home.
Local competitions pitch second-graders against each other to see how fast they can rap all 81 lines of the kuku.
This takes lots of practice with a stopwatch. The eventually allows the child to know the answer to the problem as soon as they see it.
As the popular science writer noted, Japanese adults know that 7x7=49, not because they can remember the maths, but because the music of “seven seven forty-nine” sounds right.
Some Japanese children also attend after-school maths programs. In May, I visited a school in Tokyo specialising in abacus instruction for primary and high school students. This was one of schools operating independently throughout Japan.
Here, the students start by learning how to use a physical abacus to perform arithmetic calculations. They then progress to using the by simply imagining the movement of the beads.
Children at the abacus school dedicate a phenomenal one to two hours on two to four evenings a week to practising arithmetic drills on pre-set worksheets at speed.
After a couple of years at the school, the very best students can multiply seven- and eight-digit numbers in their head faster than Australian children can say the solution to 7x8.
Why Australian schools are against rote learning
Despite the impressive performance of these Japanese children, the intensive “drill and kill” approach used by abacus schools is derided in countries like Australia where educators explicitly discourage such practice.
, schools have recently been encouraged to throw away textbooks and old worksheets, teachers discouraged from teaching mathematical formula, and children warned against learning their times tables by rote.
These recommendations follow from the ideas of American psychologist who argued that learning is most effective when children actively discover concepts for themselves.
Since then, rote learning methods in which children spend most of their time memorising facts, following prescribed formula and completing drills are to contribute poorly to deep understanding of mathematics.
However, research suggests that .
According to cognitive psychologist , children cannot appreciate the relationship between mathematical concepts if all of their mental resources are used to execute simple arithmetic operations.
As problems become more difficult, practice and rote learning are essential in speeding up some of these operations so they become automatic. This allows the child to devote more of their cognitive resources towards higher-level understanding.
One reason educators shy away from rote learning techniques is because they .
The drive to succeed
Many treat mental calculation like a sport and participate in various local, regional and national competitions. These are not restricted to boys. I attended a regional competition for young girls while I was in Japan.
This contrasts with , where children are cocooned from the realities of failure as well as the rewards of success.
In junior Australian Football League sporting policy, for example, children under 10 now play football with .
Removing these objective benchmarks of performance leaves children with nothing to strive for.
When passion breeds talent
. Research shows it takes to become expert in a particular area. High achievers in maths sustain these hours because they are motivated to excel.
But is hard work. From ever faster times in kuku recitation to increasingly longer mental arithmetic problems, my observations in Japan show that Japanese children use competition to fuel their passion for maths.
Such competition is lacking in Australia.
Discovery-based methods for maths instruction might be more enjoyable, but they are also .
How can we encourage Australians to share the Asian love of competitive maths?
In China, the television game show attracted as contestants battled to solve increasingly difficult arithmetic problems.
So given the recent success of , perhaps what we need now is The Great Australian Times Tables to motivate children to achieve the same levels of maths performance as our Asian neighbours.
Steson Lo received funding from the Australian Government and the University of Sydney to conduct research in Japan.
Sally Andrews receives funding from Australian Research Council.
