It seems like every month brings news of another border wall going up.
Europe’s Baltic States, worried about invasive neighbours, are raising a fence along their . Meanwhile, in Asia, Chinese President Xi Jinping around the Xinjiang region.
In Latin America, Ecuador appears to have begun erecting concrete panels . In Africa, a barrier between Somalia and Kenya, made of , is nearing completion.
This is a far cry from the illusion generated by t — and by the utopian dream of a world without borders that emerged in the 1990s.
The Wall: a new status quo in international relations
At the end of the Cold War there were just 15 walls delimiting national borders; today, with 70 of them in existence around the world, the wall has become .
With the proliferation of border walls and their normalization in the rhetoric of U.S. President Donald Trump, as though it were a classic policy tool in foreign relations and defence.
And yet these rampant fortifications come at a hefty price, as much for the governments and international relations as for the local economies and populations affected. For those most vulnerable, for the middle class, for those pushed out by the walls (), the cost is exorbitant.
, as manifestations of the failings of international cooperation, these barriers also come at a cost to those they shut out — the world’s “untouchables”.
The reality is that, , their freedom of movement is not as valuable as others’, each passport carrying .
The financial cost of border walls
First, we must consider the financial cost of border walls. Each one is a boon to the security and construction industries (many players from the former having adapted to changes in the post–Cold War defence market).
The experience in United States provides many examples of . This typically involves not just a physical wall with stone foundations, posts, and even concrete panels, but also razor wire, cameras, heat sensors, movement detectors, drones and patrol personnel, dogs or robots, among other things.
That’s because a wall, by itself, doesn’t really work: it’s easy to scale it, put up a ladder, place ramps over the barrier to get a car across, fly drugs over it with drones, or use hydraulic fracturing to dig out narrow tunnels to circumvent it.
In fact, in 2009, the U.S. Government Accountability Office placed along California’s border at between $1 million Cdn and $6.4 million Cdn per kilometre. In harsher terrain jurisdictionally and geologically, such as the Texas state line, the building cost could be as much as $21 million a kilometre.
Maintaining it for 20 years will cost an estimated $8.5 billion; it is therefore a massive public infrastructure, akin to a giant highway, that eats away at a country’s public finances and, in turn, at overall disposable income (whether funding comes from public sources or in part from private sources).
So this financial burden is also an economic weight that drags down the country’s aggregate income as well as the local economy. The latter, often significantly affected by the slowing down and redefining of cross-border activity, legal or otherwise, is sometimes put on life support in the form of an influx of military or patrol personnel, construction crews and staff for related services (restaurants, hotels, and so on).
Walling our countries in: The human cost
There is also a human component to the economic cost. There is, in fact, a proven correlation between . In the United States, where local advocacy groups actively seek out and disclose this information, ) along the border have been recorded in the last 16 years.
, the Mediterranean has become a “dead sea,” to paraphrase cartographer Nicolas Lambert, , where the number of deaths continues to climb despite a decline in the total number of crossing attempts.
In fact, to get across a fortified and tightly controlled border, the available routes are often far more treacherous, pose greater threats and require resorting to smugglers, .
Violence is amplified when the border is militarized. First and foremost, because such militarization legitimizes the perception of the border zone as a theatre of operations, a war zone, , as in their deployments along the Hungarian border.
Secondly, by adding military personnel or army veterans to border patrol forces (they account for a third of such teams in the U.S.), the tactics come to match those used in war zones, bringing with them patent impunity and violence, as reported by authors , and others.
Lastly, by forcing clandestine border crossing to become even more hidden, by pushing migrants deeper underground, these measures , and increase the violent extortion or coercion of vulnerable migrants (through kidnappings and ransom demands, for example). From the borders of Southeast Asia to the Sahel Region, and from the corridors leading from Central America to the U.S. or from Turkey to continental Greece, it is the most vulnerable migrants who suffer the repercussions of the world’s border walls.
Thus, , with; the NGOs they encounter along the way systematically dole out contraceptives.
Division as a political cost
Constructing walls also comes at a political price. Since putting up a wall is a one-sided act — the farthest thing from the bilateral reasoning behind drawing state lines — it induces a separation from the neighbouring state, rather than fostering co-operation with it.
The rift created by the wall sends shock waves through other facets of the relationship between the nations. In the case of Trump’s wall, , given this trade partner’s importance to the U.S. economy as well as to the other bordering states. Within the migratory channels that are increasingly popular with refugees, the neighbouring states often serve as filters.
Erecting a wall at the border may influence not just how these other countries play their role as advanced border checkpoints, but also how they set their own defence and security policy, which can sometimes lead to a form of extroversion, that is, a kind of appropriation of the discourse of the walled State at the expense of the national interests of the other.
Canada is not immune to any of this, either. In fact, in response to the presidential transition team’s request for information on the borders in December 2016, U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed the need to fence off more than 640 kilometres of the country’s southern border, but also some of its northern border between Canada and Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Montana, Idaho and Washington.
Fundamentally flawed
On June 3, The Economist on the need to build a wall at the border with Canada, mainly to prevent drug smuggling.
Yet no wall has succeeded in permanently eliminating contraband. Ramps, catapults, drones, tunnels, submarines, mules or even corrupt border guards can always undermine its effectiveness; or the traffic merely shifts elsewhere. A wall simply pushes us farther from getting to the heart of the matter, from addressing the root problem, from treating the illness and not just the symptoms.
As border walls erode the potential for international cooperation and community, : , ethnic conflicts, environmental crises, , massive displacements of people. Many different problems bring nations to build walls, but we should recognize them as pointless facades that must, in the end, come tumbling down.
