At the Hidden Valley community centre in the hot, dusty fringes of Alice Springs, Tim MacNamara is sitting at a table under a hard-working air conditioner, struggling with a satellite internet connection that dips in and out, taking long minutes to load a page on his laptop.
He's trying to look at the NBN coverage map of Alice Springs in earth view. The landscape on the map is the sandy orange colour of the soil people scuff off their shoes as they come into the centre, threaded with the rocky brown ridges of the surrounding ranges and a network of bitumen roads - all knitted web-like around the centre of town.
Hidden Valley is at the edge of the web, tucked into a small valley among rocky outcrops. The town camp backs onto bushland 1.5km from downtown Alice bordering Sadadeen, where brick apartment blocks form one of the most densely populated suburbs in the small centre.
Noeline MacMillan runs a speed test at Hidden Valley town camp Alice Springs, finding a very slow download speed of under two megabytes per second. Photo: Else Kennedy
When Mr MacNamara, a local artist and community worker, finally downloads the map, it's washed with large sections coloured purple – areas where NBN broadband internet should be, at least in theory, available.
Across the road from Hidden Valley, all the properties have access to fibre to the node (FTTN) connections, a combination of fibre optic and copper cables. But the purple ends abruptly where the road separates Sadadeen and Hidden Valley.
Tim MacNamara is an artist and community worker from Hidden Valley, one of 16 town camps around the margins of Alice Springs. Seven town camps have no broadband internet. In Hidden Valley, up to 400 residents share one satellite WiFi hotspot.
Source: Else Kennedy
"We all living in this town. We should all have NBN connected to our community, to our town camp," said Mr MacNamara.
As the Northern Territory closes its borders, and health services begin to grapple with , advocates warn that the that still separates many rural and regional Australians from the rest of the world - marginalising Indigenous Australians in particular - now looms as an urgent danger to the health of some of the most vulnerable populations during this crisis.
Hidden Valley is one of 16 town camps scattered around Alice Springs, all within 10km of the downtown precinct. A fluctuating population of between 1300 and 3000 people live in the camps, which have anywhere between two and 47 houses.
Seven of the town camps have no broadband internet.
Tim Saul, head of NBN Local in South Australia and the Northern Territory, said a lack of existing infrastructure has delayed the set up of NBN and led to the camps being left until after the rest of the town was connected.
Mr Saul said he hopes to connect the camps this year, but the coronavirus crisis could now delay the installation.
Another five of the town camps rely on satellite internet. Many residents can't afford an internet connection to their house, and at camps like Hidden Valley up to 400 residents share a single WiFi hotspot connected to the town camp community centre.
People without access to the internet also have limited access to "good, clear information about what's going on", and that could contribute to a "sense of public panic", said Matt Fisher, a senior research fellow at the Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity at Flinders University.
Mr Fisher is deeply concerned that families in these communities could be effectively isolated from critical health and education services if they have to self-isolate during the coronavirus crisis.
These concerns are echoed by James Ward, director of the Poche Centre for Indigenous Health at the University of Queensland. He said communication via phone and internet will be crucial in "restrict(ing) the inflow of people to clinics where other people may be sitting with the virus".
, with many Aboriginal people suffering from chronic disease and living in poverty, factors that make them more vulnerable to the virus. Many of them recall, who suffered a death rate six times that of the non-Indigenous population.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison has advised Indigenous people over the age of 50 to stay at home, and the number of Friday.
Mr Saul says NBN Co has contacted state and territory governments to offer emergency internet and telecommunications services for communities during the coronavirus crisis and is awaiting instructions.
Locals and observers are hopeful, but sceptical after years of lobbying to get the town camps connected.
Town camps circled orange (Hoppy's Camp, Charles Creek, Karnte, Little Sisters and Hidden Valley) have satellite internet, which advocates say is not suitable for large numbers of users. Town camps circled red (Ilparpa, Abbott's camp, Morris Soak, Palmer's camp, Mt Nancy, Old Timer's and Whitegate) have not been connected to NBN, despite some showing on the map as having fibre to the node (FTTN) available. Anthepe town camp (circled orange at the top of top right image) has satellite available but no active connection. Information on which camps have access to which technology was provided by NBN.
"The need is now, and the need to provide these services shouldn't be overlooked with the mentality that at some point in the future, they're going to have it so they'll be okay," said Chansey Paech, the Northern Territory Government Member for Namatjira, whose electorate covers hundreds of thousands of kilometres, including all the southern town camps in Alice Springs.
"We don't do it for other services or other places or people in the community. So we shouldn't be doing it for people in town camps," said Mr Paech.
Many town camp residents without internet access go into the Alice Springs commercial area to use the internet, but this may not be an option if self-isolation rules are enforced in the town. Services like the local library have already closed in response to the coronavirus crisis.
"You have to actually go into town and sit near a Telstra payphone or go into McDonald's (to use the internet)," said Kathleen Craig, an Eastern Arrernte woman from Charles Creek town camp. "I just it makes me angry, actually, how people on town camps are treated."
The NBN is a nationalised information technology network. However, it's being treated like it's purely a commercial operation.
"It's just like 'town camps, blackfellas, who cares?'," said Ms Craig. "That's always been their solution to everything. You know, out of sight, out of mind."
The satellite internet currently in use at five town camps is unsuited to large numbers of users and can fail when multiple people try to log on at the same time, said Jennifer McFarland from the Central Australian Youth Link-Up Service (CAYLUS).
Ellie Rennie, co-director of RMIT's Digital Ethnography Research Centre, supports McFarland's experience, and confirmed one satellite connection wouldn't be able to cover more than three everyday family activities such as "online education, running a business, plus entertainment" at the same time.
"It's just simply not enough for a family," said Ms Rennie. "So if you're thinking about the number of people going through a town camp at certain times, a satellite connection probably won't cut it."
"These are suburbs of Alice Springs … populated with Aboriginal people. So you have to begin to ask yourself, Well, why are they being denied this opportunity? Why aren't they hooked up to the NBN?": Chansey Paech, the NT Government's Member for Namatjira.
Mr Saul from NBN Co said slow and faulty internet connections are the fault of the service provider, and not the satellite technology.
"We do have some people who work for NBN on satellite as well," said Mr Saul. It's a "great service".
The Federal Minister for Communications, Cyber Safety and the Arts, Paul Fletcher, said whether an area receives fibre to the node, fibre to the premises or satellite internet is "based on consistently applied design rules including proximity to existing infrastructure, population density, topography, geography, and cost".
Mr Paech questioned whether town camp residents on satellite connections had been excluded from the rollout because they wouldn't provide a good return on the infrastructure investment.
"The NBN is a nationalised information technology network. However, it's being treated like it's purely a commercial operation," said Mr Paech.
"When we start going, 'there's not enough people to warrant connection to a satisfactory telecommunications and internet system'. We start to have problems because we're then choosing to put profits over people."
Many town camp residents live well below the poverty line. The youth service CAYLUS estimates that approximately half of town camp residents have zero income due to lack of work and inability to comply with Centrelink requirements.
"Anyone with an income is probably (supporting) minimum ten other people," said Ms McFarland.
It is hard to meet Centrelink requirements "if you've got English as a third or fourth language, if your written English is poor. If you don't have any connectivity or any way of accessing services," said McFarland.
"What we've actually found is that the poorest people in Australia are paying the highest percentage of their income to stay connected," said the communications consumer network's Teresa Corbin.
Where FTTN is available, many town camp residents can't afford to connect their houses at current prices, and for those who only have access to satellite internet, costs are higher.
To reach speeds up to 50 megabytes per second, the entry-level package on a satellite connection is $75 a month and is capped at 100 gigabytes download. For the same speed on an FTTN connection, a basic package would cost around $60 a month and include unlimited downloads.
Ms Corbin is calling for a $30 a month plan across all technologies for people on low incomes.
As demands on the network increase, NBN Co announced last week an increased allowance of 45 gigabytes per SkyMuster and SkyMuster Plus plan, as well as unmetered usage for some applications.
The assumption is that everybody has a mobile and secondly that everybody has a mobile with credit and charge on it. But that, of course, is not the case.
Mr Paech welcomes the change but said it is an acknowledgement that "Skymuster is significantly higher in its price structure. So it's creating a second kind of tier and a second class for people who don't (have access to fibre infrastructure)."
"Here in Alice Springs, fibre runs right past every one of those town camps in Alice Springs," said Mr Paech. "There's a line that runs right past. So it's disappointing that they can't just tap into it.
"These are suburbs of Alice Springs, is the way that I look at it, they're actually surrounded by suburbs of Alice Springs," he says. "They're just populated with Aboriginal people. So you have to begin to ask yourself, Well, why are they being denied this opportunity? Why aren't they hooked up to the NBN?"
Mr Fisher argues that the story playing out in the town camps of Alice Springs illustrates a larger story of the deepening digital divide in Australia.
In research he completed in 2017, he found that only 30 percent of those in the lowest areas of socio-economic disadvantage had fibre to the premises or fibre to the node.
He also found there was a "gradient" across all levels of socio-economic status. "The higher the socio-economic status of your area, the more likely you are to have the high performing fibre and new fibre technologies."
NBN Co has allocated around $4.5 billion towards upgrading the NBN network following the completion of the initial build. Saul says two of the town camps that currently rely on satellite will be upgraded to fixed-line broadband.
Shirleen Campbell from Hoppy's town camp campaigned for more than ten years for her community to have internet access and a phone box installed. Still, when the NBN rollout came through the town a few years ago, Hoppy's camp wasn't connected.
"Living on a town camp, we never actually get our voices heard unless we push for it," said Campbell.
Hoppy's camp is on the other side of town from Hidden Valley, and is a five-minute walk from the centre of Alice Springs. The small camp has 13 houses arranged in a ring beside the dry Todd River.
"At the end of the day, it should be equal," said Ms Campbell. Hoppy's camp missed out on a fixed-line connection because the camp had never had phone lines, and no trenches or cables for NBN Co to connect to, but Mr Saul says there are plans to connect the camp.
"You gotta have the money to put in wirings and pipelines and all this stuff," said Ms Campbell. "It is hard."
Eventually, Ms Campbell took matters into her own hands. She designed a payphone with a satellite dish mounted on top, and with the help of the Centre for Appropriate Technology, she got it installed at the centre of the ring of houses at the camp.
"It looks tough, built tough. It might look like just a big silver box, but you know, it has internet connection. You know, kids use it for homework, some, you know, just to get on YouTube, just watching kids stuff," said Ms Campbell.
Shirleen Campbell helped to design a phone box with satellite internet for Hoppy's camp.
"The assumption is that everybody has a mobile and secondly that everybody has a mobile with credit and charge on it. But that, of course, is not the case," said Ms Corbin.
While 5G technology being rolled out in urban centres could provide an alternative to the NBN, it is unlikely to reach regional Australia any time soon.
Ms Rennie said 5G "works in places where you've got a lot of people and a lot of internet subscriptions and mobile internet subscriptions. I'm not expecting it to be a technology that is widely available across the country".
"5G is not going to improve telecommunications for people who don't have it to start with," said Mr Paech.
NBN Co said it is "currently consulting with stakeholders in the Alice Springs area including the Tangentyere Council and community members to help inform its decision on the most appropriate way to deploy its network to service Town Camps in this region."
In a statement responding to questions from The Citizen, the company said it "rejects any suggestions of discrimination in relation to the rollout of the network and technology decisions in Alice Springs Town Camps".
Research help from Sabella Turner and Noelene McMillan
The reporter was supported in her field research for this story by a .
This story is co-published by , produced by the Centre for Advancing Journalism at the University of Melbourne.
